He subsequently denounced the teachings of Peter Abelard to the pope, who called a council at Sens in 1141 to settle the matter. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Hasten to appease the anger of heaven, but no longer implore its goodness by vain complaints. At the 800th anniversary of his death, Pope Pius XII issued an encyclical on Bernard, Doctor Mellifluus, in which he labeled him "The Last of the Fathers." Whether an âintentionâ to create an Order of the Templar sort existed prior to the life of St Bernard himself is a ⦠Bernard's spiritual writing as well as his extraordinary personal magnetism began to attract many to Clairvaux and the other Cistercian monasteries, leading to many new foundations. He may have undertaken this task personally and they were based, almost entirely, on the Order adopted by the Cistercians themselves. In 1120, Bernard wrote his first work, De Gradibus Superbiae et Humilitatis, and his homilies which he entitled De Laudibus Mariae. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. In opposition to the rational approach to divine understanding that the scholastics adopted, Bernard preached an immediate faith, in which the intercessor was the Virgin Mary. [19], Unlike the First Crusade, the new venture attracted royalty, such as Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of France; Thierry of Alsace, Count of Flanders; Henry, the future Count of Champagne; Louis's brother Robert I of Dreux; Alphonse I of Toulouse; William II of Nevers; William de Warenne, 3rd Earl of Surrey; Hugh VII of Lusignan, Yves II, Count of Soissons; and numerous other nobles and bishops. Died Clairvaux, near Troyes, Champagne France August 20th 1153. Abelard continued to press for a public debate, and made his challenge widely known, making it hard for Bernard to decline. [4] William yielded and the schism ended. Patronage. Malachy died at Clairvaux in 1148. Gain access to 104 of his sermonsâmany of which examine the Song of Songs in vibrant detail. Bernard is Dante Alighieri's last guide, in Divine Comedy, as he travels through the Empyrean. Another time, while he slept in an inn, a prostitute was introduced naked beside him, and he saved his chastity by running. King Louis VI of France convened a national council of the French bishops at Étampes in 1130, and Bernard was chosen to judge between the rivals for pope. At the Eucharist, he "admonished the Duke not to despise God as he did His servants". Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) may well represent the most important figure in Templarism. [4], In the year 1128 AD, Bernard participated in the Council of Troyes, which had been convoked by Pope Honorius II, and was presided over by Cardinal Matthew of Albano. bernard was a cistercian monk and mystic, founder and abbot of the abbey of clairvaux, and one of the most influential churchmen of his time | it is said that his mother aleth exerted a virtuous influence on him only second to that of monica on st augustine | after her death in 1107 he began his 'long path to complete conversion', turning from his literary education to a life of renunciation and solitude || juan ⦠An Eng. Bernard went again to Italy, where Roger II of Sicily was endeavouring to withdraw the Pisans from their allegiance to Innocent. Although the councils of Étampes, Würzburg, Clermont, and Rheims all supported Innocent, large portions of the Christian world still supported Anacletus. The Mission of St. John the Divine became the Church of St. Bernard de Clairvaux, named in honor of the great Saint who had been a leading influence among the Cistercians 847 years ago, and whose feast day is commemorated on August 20. You can come and participate at whatever level you're comfortable with. In our opinion past researchers have generally failed to credit St Bernard with the pivotal role he played in the planning, formation and promotion of the infant Templar Order. Bernard’s influence grew within the established Church of his day. A staunch supporter of an Augustinian view of the mystery of the Christian faith, St Bernard was fiercely opposed to ‘rationalistic’ views of Christianity. Bernard of Clairvaux is the attributed author of poems often translated in English hymnals as: The modern critical edition is Sancti Bernardi opera (1957–1977), edited by Jean Leclercq.[33][d]. [18][19] Others followed his example and he and his helpers were supposedly still producing crosses as night fell. Bernard of Clairvaux may well represent the most important figure in Templarism. Around this time, he praised them in his Liber ad milites templi de laude novae militiae. [19] The full text has not survived, but a contemporary account says that "his voice rang out across the meadow like a celestial organ"[19]. His influence led Alexander III to launch reforms that led to the establishment of canon law. [9], Again reproaches arose against Bernard and he was denounced, even in Rome. Bernard's letter to the archbishop of Sens was seen as a real treatise, "De Officiis Episcoporum." The purpose of this council was to settle certain disputes of the bishops of Paris, and regulate other matters of the Church of France. Construction of the Monastery of St. Bernard de Clairvaux was begun in the year 1133 AD in Sacramenia, near Segovia in northern Spain. [13] He was buried at the Clairvaux Abbey, but after its dissolution in 1792 by the French revolutionary government, his remains were transferred to Troyes Cathedral. What does seem evident is that Bernard was bright, inquisitive and probably tinged with a sort of genius. Space here does not permit a full handling of this extraordinary man’s life or his interest in so many subjects, including architecture, music and (probably) ancient manuscripts. Bernard, the third of a family of seven children, six of whom were sons, was educated with particular care, because, while yet unborn, a devout man had foretold his great destiny. At the solicitation of William of St. Thierry, Bernard defended the order by publishing his Apology which was divided into two parts. However, Abelard continued to develop his teachings, which were controversial in some quarters. Bernard found it expedient to dwell upon taking the cross as a potent means of gaining absolution for sin and attaining grace. A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation, Liber ad milites templi de laude novae militiae, representing the combined will of earth and heaven, https://books.google.com/books?id=kkoJAQAAIAAJ, List of Latin nicknames of the Middle Ages: Doctors in theology, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, patron saint archive, "Monuments historiques : Couvent et Basilique Saint-Bernard", "Sermon XIII: The Believers Concern, to pray for Faith", Audio on the life of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, Database with all known medieval representations of Bernard, "Here Followeth the Life of St. Bernard, the Mellifluous Doctor", "Two Accounts of the Early Career of St. Bernard", Saint Bernard of Clairvaux Abbot, Doctor of the Church-1153, Lewis E 26 De consideratione (On Consideration) at OPenn, MS 484/11 Super cantica canticorum at OPenn, Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution, Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart, Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII, Pope Pius XII Consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, Rise of the Evangelical Church in Latin America, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_of_Clairvaux&oldid=996407825, Pre-Reformation saints of the Lutheran liturgical calendar, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 26 December 2020, at 12:18. Died Clairvaux, near Troyes, Champagne France August 20th 1153. After the council of Étampes, Bernard spoke with King Henry I of England, also known as Henry Beauclerc, about Henry I's reservations regarding Pope Innocent II. Towards the end of 1134, he made a second journey into Aquitaine, where William X had relapsed into schism. The monastery, however, made rapid progress. In the meantime Cluny established a reform, and Abbot Suger, the minister of Louis VI of France, was converted by the Apology of Bernard. Actually St Bernard contributed to condemning certain teachings of Abelard at the Provincial Synod of Sens in 1140 and went so far as to request Pope Innocent II's intervention. Completed eight years later in 1141, the Monastery was dedicated to the Blessed Mother and was originally named âThe Monastery of ⦠There Bernard preached an immediate faith, in which the intercessor was the Virgin Mary. To understand St Bernard’s importance to Cistercianism it is first necessary to study the Order in detail. The Templars were officially declared to be a monastic order under the protection of Church in Troyes in 1139. He also silenced the final supporters who sustained the schism. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Bernard de clairvaux. [12] The council found in favour of Bernard and their judgment was confirmed by the pope. Bernard set out to convince these other regions to rally behind Innocent. In a letter by Bernard to German Emperor Lothair regarding Antipope Anacletus, Bernard wrote, “It is a disgrace for Christ that a Jew sits on the throne of St. Peter’s.” and “Anacletus has not even a good reputation with his friends, while Innocent is illustrious beyond all doubt.”, Bernard wrote to Gerard of Angoulême (a letter known as Letter 126), which questioned Gerard's reasons for supporting Anacletus. From this point barely a decision was made in Rome that was not influenced in some way by St Bernard himself. St Bernard was a visionary, a man of apparently tremendous religious conviction. Bernardâs influence upon the princes, the clergy, and the people of his age was most remarkable. In the conclaveAnacletus IIwas elected by a narrow mnargin, but many influential cardinals favored the contender, Pope Innocent ⦠In June 1145, Bernard traveled in southern France and his preaching there helped strengthen support against heresy. After that, Bernard spent most of his time in Italy persuading the Italians to pledge allegiance to Innocent. Saint Bernard de Clairvaux French abbot. He did not pledge allegiance to Innocent until 1135. Abstract. Clothe yourselves in sackcloth, but also cover yourselves with your impenetrable bucklers. [4] These include: Burgundian saint, abbot and theologian (1090-1153). His texts are prescribed readings in Cistercian congregations. There is some dispute as to whether Bernard’s father had fought in the storming of Jerusalem in 1099, and indeed whether he died in the Levant. It is a fact that the Templars venerated St Bernard from that moment on, until their own demise in 1307. He appears to have received a good, standard education, at Chatillon-sur-Seine, which fitted him, most probably, for a life in the Church, which, of course, is exactly the direction he eventually took. Having previously helped end the schism within the church, Bernard was now called upon to combat heresy. Bernard was named a Doctor of the Church in 1830. In our opinion past researchers have generally failed to credit St Bernard with the pivotal role he played in the planning, formation and promotion of the infant Templar Order. During an absence from Clairvaux, the Grand Prior of the Abbey of Cluny went to Clairvaux and enticed away Bernard's cousin, Robert of Châtillon. Clairvaux became the Mother House of many new Cistercian monasteries, not least of all Fountaines Abbey in Yorkshire, England, which itself was to rise to the rank of most prosperous abbey on English soil. All of these were attributed to Bernard after his canonisation and therefore must surely be taken with a pinch of salt. There he explains how the sins of the crusaders were the cause of their misfortune and failures. [26], Bernard "noted centuries ago: the people who are their own spiritual directors have fools for disciples. In May of that year, the pope, supported by the army of Lothair III, entered Rome, but Lothair III, feeling himself too weak to resist the partisans of Anacletus, retired beyond the Alps, and Innocent sought refuge in Pisa in September 1133. of the Sermones de tempore, de sanctis, and de diversis has been published by B. Gsell and L. Janauschek in vol. Bernard announced his determination to follow the Cistercian way of life and together with his entourage he swamped the small abbey, swelling the number of brothers there to such an extent that it was inevitable that more abbeys would have to be formed. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The son of a knight and vassal of the duke of Burgundy who perished in the first crusade, Bernard may have felt for a time the temptations of a military career, but the influence of a pious mother and his own inclinations towards a life of meditation and study led him to the cloister. There is no doubt that he was blood-tied to some of the first Templar Knights, in particular Andre de Montbard, who was his maternal uncle. But an even greater show of support came from the common people. "[20], When Bernard was finished the crowd enlisted en masse; they supposedly ran out of cloth to make crosses. Germany had decided to support Innocent through Norbert of Xanten, who was a friend of Bernard's. This letter made a positive impression on Harmeric, and in the Vatican. Conrad III of Germany and his nephew Frederick Barbarossa, received the cross from the hand of Bernard. Bernard had returned to France in June and was continuing the work of peacemaking which he had commenced in 1130. Pope Innocent II died in the year 1143. [24] Calvin also quotes him in setting forth his doctrine of a forensic alien righteousness, or as it is commonly called imputed righteousness. [29] Pope Pius VIII bestowed on him the title "Doctor of the Church". The son of Tocellyn de Sorrell, Bernard was born into a middle-ranking aristocratic family, which held sway over an important region of Burgundy, though with close contacts to the region of Champagne. Cistercians, Burgundy, beekeepers, candlemakers, Gibraltar, Queens' College, Cambridge, Speyer Cathedral. Bernard of Clairvaux, O.Cist(1090 â August 20, 1153) was a Frankish abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercianmonastic order. Bernard of Clairvaux may well represent the most important figure in Templarism. Bernard expanded upon Anselm of Canterbury's role in transmuting the sacramentally ritual Christianity of the Early Middle Ages into a new, more personally held faith, with the life of Christ as a model and a new emphasis on the Virgin Mary. St Bernard travelled extensively, negotiated in civil disturbances and, surprisingly for the period, was instrumental in preventing a number of pogroms taking place against Jews in various locations within what is present day France. Christians had been defeated at the Siege of Edessa and most of the county had fallen into the hands of the Seljuk Turks. In a letter to the people of Toulouse, undoubtedly written at the end of 1146, Bernard calls upon them to extirpate the last remnants of the heresy. Bernard went further and insisted that Pope Innocent II recognised this infant order as being solely under the authority of the Pope and no other temporal or ecclesiastical authority. Much could be written about the ‘nature’ of St Bernard. Lothair II became Innocent's strongest ally among the nobility. Bernard soon saw one of his disciples elected Pope Eugene III. [3] In the year 1128, Bernard attended the Council of Troyes, at which he traced the outlines of the Rule of the Knights Templar,[a] which soon became the ideal of Christian nobility. Only three years later St Bernard, still an extremely young man, (25 years) was dispatched, together with a small band of monks, to a site at Clairvaux, near Troyes, in Champagne, there to become Abbott of his own establishment. [b] In 1137, he was again forced to leave his solitude by order of the pope to put an end to the quarrel between Lothair and Roger of Sicily. Bernard's informal political influence was further enhanced with the election of Pope Eugenius III, one of Bernard's former pupils. He was drawn into the controversy developing between the new monastic movement which he preeminently represented and the established Cluniac order, a branch of the Benedictines. Whether an ‘intention’ to create an Order of the Templar sort existed prior to the life of St Bernard himself is a matter open to debate. Bernard praises it in his "De Laudibus Novae Militiae". As the founder and abbot of the Abbey of Clairvaux, St. Bernard (1091-1153) was centrally responsible for the early expansion of the Cistercian Order throughout Europe. It was this general chapter that gave definitive form to the constitutions of the order and the regulations of the Charter of Charity, which Pope Callixtus II confirmed on 23 December 1119. His success in this endeavour marked St Bernard as probably the most powerful man in Christendom, for as ‘Pope Maker’ he probably had more influence than the Pontiff himself. Bernard walked hundreds of miles and talked to a great number of influential people in order to ensure Innocent’s ultimate acceptance. All Public Masses in the Archdiocese of Toronto Are Temporarily Cancelled. Nevertheless, the monastery at Clairvaux flourished as more and more disciples sought to place themselves under the leadership of St. Bernard. St. Bernard, Abbot of Clairvaux one of the most illustrious preachers and monks of the middle ages, was born at Fontaines, near Dijon, in France. He was the first Cistercian placed on the calendar of saints, and was canonized by Pope Alexander III on 18 January 1174. Forbid those noisy troublesome frogs to come out of their holes, to leave their marshes ... Then your friend will no longer be exposed to the accusations of pride and presumption.[4]. This caused the pope to be recognized by all the great powers. [8] In 1118 Trois-Fontaines Abbey was founded in the diocese of Châlons; in 1119 Fontenay Abbey in the Diocese of Autun; and in 1121 Foigny Abbey near Vervins, in the diocese of Laon. [18], There was at first virtually no popular enthusiasm for the crusade as there had been in 1095. Only the influence of a trusted friend and the order of the Chapter General convinced Bernard to ease up on his stringent regime. Saint Bernard de Clairvaux a eu un esprit intéressé et intelligent, une attitude et une conduite pragmatiques, une âme de vrai chrétien, un coeur de combattant dans un corps délicat, d'ascète, habillé de la soutane blanche de la propreté spirituelle et matérielle. The same year Bernard was again at the Council of Reims at the side of Innocent II. Principal penseur du courant cistercien, l'abbé Bernard de Clairvaux a largement influencé ses contemporains au XIIe siècle. [4], Towards the close of the 11th century, a spirit of independence flourished within schools of philosophy and theology. Abelard's treatise on the Trinity had been condemned as heretical in 1121, and he was compelled to throw his own book into the fire. Bernard, informed of this by William of St-Thierry, is said to have held a meeting with Abelard intending to persuade him to amend his writings, during which Abelard repented and promised to do so. [6], The little community of reformed Benedictines at Cîteaux, which had so profound an influence on Western monasticism, grew rapidly. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. St Bernard died in Clairvaux on August 20th 1153, a date that would soon become his feast day, for St Bernard was canonised within a few short years of his death. He was a staunch supporter of the Virgin Mary, a visionary and a man who had a profound belief in an early and very ‘Culdean’ form of Christianity. ST BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX (1090-1153), De precepto et dispensatione and other works, in Latin, DECORATED MANUSCRIPT ON VELLUM born 1090, probably Fontaine-les-Dijon, near Dijon, Burgundy died Aug. 20, 1153, Clairvaux, Champagne; canonized Jan. 18, 1174; feast day August 20. It was at this council that Bernard traced the outlines of the Rule of the Knights Templar who soon became the ideal of Christian nobility. The movement found an ardent and powerful advocate in Peter Abelard. In 1144 Eugene III commissioned Bernard to preach the Second Crusade[6] and granted the same indulgences for it which Pope Urban II had accorded to the First Crusade. His father, a knight named Tecelin, perished on crusade; and his mother Aleth, a daughter of the noble house of Mon-Bar, and a woman distinguished for her piety, died while Bernard was yet a boy. On 31 March, with King Louis VII of France present, he preached to an enormous crowd in a field at Vézelay, making "the speech of his life". Study the chronology of St. Bernardâs life through his collected letters. He defended the rights of the Church against the encroachments of kings and princes, and recalled to their duty Henri Sanglier, archbishop of Sens and Stephen of Senlis, bishop of Paris. Bernard wrote to the pope a few days afterwards, "Cities and castles are now empty. Bernard's letters to William of St-Thierry also express his apprehension about confronting the preeminent logician. He had a special devotion to the Virgin Mary, and he later wrote several works about the Queen of Heaven.[4]. He wanted to excel in literature in order to take up the study of the Bible. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. [12] Bernard lobbied the prelates on the evening before the debate, swaying many of them to his view. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. rolled over the fields, and was echoed by the voice of the orator: "Cursed be he who does not stain his sword with blood. This abbey was the first Cistercian monastery and had been set up somewhat earlier by a small band of dissident monks from Molesmes. At the time of the French Revolution St Bernard’s skull was taken for safekeeping to Switzerland, eventually finding its way back to Troyes. Gerard of Clairvaux, Bernard's older brother, became the cellarer of Citeaux. Bernard died at the age of 63, after 40 years as a monk. The abbey became too small for its members and it was necessary to send out bands to found new houses. But once out of Bernard's presence, he reneged. Henry of Lausanne, a former Cluniac monk, had adopted the teachings of the Petrobrusians, followers of Peter of Bruys and spread them in a modified form after Peter's death. Disciples flocked to it in great numbers and put themselves under the direction of Bernard. The regimen was so austere that Bernard became ill, and only the influence of his friend William of Champeaux and the authority of the general chapter could make him mitigate the austerities. He was sent to found a new abbey at an isolated clearing in a glen known as the Val d'Absinthe, about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) southeast of Bar-sur-Aube. Bernard was born at his father's castle on the eminence of Les Fontaines, near Dijon, in Burgundy, in 1091. According to tradition, Bernard founded the monastery on 25 June 1115, naming it Claire Vallée, which evolved into Clairvaux. Cistercians honour him as the founder of the order because of the widespread activity which he gave to the order.[13]. [13] Bernard considered it his duty to send an apology to the Pope and it is inserted in the second part of his "Book of Considerations." These nine volumes offer an intriguing glimpse into the life and works of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, a twelfth-century Cistercian abbot and Doctor of the Church. Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux, was a monk who spent most of his time out of the cloister, a spiritual man who seemed always embroiled in politics and a man of peace who convinced thousands to fight and die for their faith. of Mabillon, 4 ⦠12/26/2020 In accordance with provincial restrictions to slow the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, all in-person Masses in the Archdiocese of Toronto are temporarily cancelled. His two successors, Pope Celestine II and Pope Lucius II, reigned only a short time, and then Bernard saw one of his disciples, Bernard of Pisa, and known thereafter as Eugene III, raised to the Chair of Saint Peter. Though not yet 30 years old, Bernard was listened to with the greatest attention and respect, especially when he developed his thoughts upon the revival of the primitive spirit of regularity and fervour in all the monastic orders. Abbey mosaic of St. Bernard. Made abbot of Clairvaux (1115), he erected numerous abbeys where his spirit flourished. After the Christian defeat at the Siege of Edessa, the pope commissioned Bernard to preach the Second Crusade. This action gave rise to a quarrel between the White Monks and the Black Monks which lasted 20 years. By penitential practices he so exhausted his body that it could hardly sustain his soul, ever eager to praise and honor God. [4], In 1139, Bernard assisted at the Second Council of the Lateran, in which the surviving adherents of the schism were definitively condemned. [14], Having previously helped end the schism within the Church, Bernard was now called upon to combat heresy. As in the First Crusade, the preaching led to attacks on Jews; a fanatical French monk named Radulphe was apparently inspiring massacres of Jews in the Rhineland, Cologne, Mainz, Worms, and Speyer, with Radulphe claiming Jews were not contributing financially to the rescue of the Holy Land. Although travelling extensively on many and varied errands during his life, St Bernard always returned to his own abbey of Clairvaux, which it seems (to us at least) had been deliberately built in a location that allowed free travel in all directions. The monks of the abbey of Cluny were unhappy to see Cîteaux take the lead role among the religious orders of the Roman Catholic Church. He hastened to terminate his worldly life and restore discipline in his monastery. This was the occasion of the longest and most emotional of Bernard's letters. Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com: accessed ), memorial page for Bernard âBishop ofâ Clairvaux (1091â1153), Find a Grave Memorial no. Henry I was sceptical because most of the bishops of England supported Antipope Anacletus II; Bernard persuaded him to support Innocent. After persuading Gerard, Bernard traveled to visit William X, Duke of Aquitaine. At the age of nine, he was sent to a school at Châtillon-sur-Seine run by the secular canons of Saint-Vorles. This Bernard named Claire Vallée, or Clairvaux, on 25 June 1115, and the names of Bernard and Clairvaux soon became inseparable. In 1830 Pope Pius VIII bestowed upon Bernard the title "Doctor of the Church". In addition to these victories, Bernard also had his trials. [28] He was the first Cistercian monk placed on the calendar of saints and was canonized by Alexander III 18 January 1174. [17] The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the other Crusader states were threatened with similar disaster. 1/4. Louis VI convened a national council of the French bishops at Étampes, and Bernard, summoned there by consent of the bishops, was chosen to judge between the rival popes. He was the hardest for Bernard to convince. Another time, an immense number of flies, that had infested the Church of Foigny, died instantly after the excommunication he made on them. Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny, answered Bernard and assured him of his great admiration and sincere friendship. A Catholic priest and abbot (director) of a religious institution at Clairvaux, France, Bernard's influence stretched far beyond the borders of France. The European importance of Bernard, however, began with the death of Honorius (1130) and the disputed election that followed. After the death of his mother, Bernard sought admission into the Cistercian order. He then went with him into Italy and reconciled Pisa with Genoa, and Milan with the pope. In our opinion past researchers have generally failed to credit St Bernard with the pivotal role he played in the planning, formation and promotion of the infant Templar Order. This is exemplified by the short verse he once wrote. It is also true to say that if Citeaux remained the ‘head’ of the Cistercian movement during the life of St Bernard, Clairvaux lay at its heart. It is now housed in the Treasury of Troyes Cathedral and can be seen there, together with the skull and thighbone of St Malachy, a friend and contemporary of St Bernard. After the death of his mother, Bernard sought admission into the Cistercian order.
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