Bernard's parents were Tescelin de Fontaine, lord of Fontaine-lès-Dijon, and Alèthe de Montbard [fr], both members of the highest nobility of Burgundy. However, Abelard continued to develop his teachings, which were controversial in some quarters. In the meantime Cluny established a reform, and Abbot Suger, the minister of Louis VI of France, was converted by the Apology of Bernard. Bernard answered the letter by saying that, if he had assisted at the council, it was because he had been dragged to it by force, replying: Now illustrious Harmeric if you so wished, who would have been more capable of freeing me from the necessity of assisting at the council than yourself? At the 800th anniversary of his death, Pope Pius XII issued an encyclical on Bernard, Doctor Mellifluus, in which he labeled him "The Last of the Fathers." [26], Bernard "noted centuries ago: the people who are their own spiritual directors have fools for disciples. [19], Unlike the First Crusade, the new venture attracted royalty, such as Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of France; Thierry of Alsace, Count of Flanders; Henry, the future Count of Champagne; Louis's brother Robert I of Dreux; Alphonse I of Toulouse; William II of Nevers; William de Warenne, 3rd Earl of Surrey; Hugh VII of Lusignan, Yves II, Count of Soissons; and numerous other nobles and bishops. He had a special devotion to the Blessed Virgin, and there is no one who speaks more sublimely of the Queen of Heaven. Bernard of Clairvaux (Latin: Bernardus Claraevallensis; 1090 – 20 August 1153), venerated as Saint Bernard, was a Burgundian abbot, and a major leader in the revitalization of Benedictine monasticism through the nascent Order of Cistercians.. Bernard set out to convince these other regions to rally behind Innocent. After the council of Étampes, Bernard spoke with King Henry I of England, also known as Henry Beauclerc, about Henry I's reservations regarding Pope Innocent II. Bernard et la théologie monastiqudeu XII siècle,"in In addition to these victories, Bernard also had his trials. In 1141, at the urgings of Abelard, the archbishop of Sens called a council of bishops, where Abelard and Bernard were to put their respective cases so Abelard would have a chance to clear his name. It was this general chapter that gave definitive form to the constitutions of the order and the regulations of the Charter of Charity, which Pope Callixtus II confirmed on 23 December 1119. In May of that year, the pope, supported by the army of Lothair III, entered Rome, but Lothair III, feeling himself too weak to resist the partisans of Anacletus, retired beyond the Alps, and Innocent sought refuge in Pisa in September 1133. He defended the rights of the Church against the encroachments of kings and princes, and recalled to their duty Henry Archbishop of Sens , and Stephen de Senlis, Bishop of Paris . Henry I was sceptical because most of the bishops of England supported Antipope Anacletus II; Bernard persuaded him to support Innocent. [14], Having previously helped end the schism within the Church, Bernard was now called upon to combat heresy. At the solicitation of William of St. Thierry, Bernard defended the order by publishing his Apology which was divided into two parts. ... De Maria numquam satis. Introduction and notes by F … He could claim a form of higher knowledge that is the complement and fruition of faith and that reaches completion in prayer and contemplation. Overview of St. Bernard of Clairvaux's life. Moved by his burning words, many Christians embarked for the Holy Land, but the crusade ended in miserable failure.[6]. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. King Louis VI of France convened a national council of the French bishops at Étampes in 1130, and Bernard was chosen to judge between the rivals for pope. Aleth’s death, in 1107, so affected Bernard that he claimed that this is when his “long path to complete conversion” began. [6], Bernard was instrumental in re-emphasizing the importance of lectio divina and contemplation on Scripture within the Cistercian order. In opposition to the rational approach to divine understanding that the scholastics adopted, Bernard preached an immediate faith, in which the intercessor was the Virgin Mary. Bernard is said to have flung off his own robe and began tearing it into strips to make more. [6], Many miracles were attributed to his intercession. Bernard was only nineteen years of age when his mother died. Bernard's influence was soon felt in provincial affairs. Bernard's entry at Catholic Encyclopedia This page … Aliases: Św. Find books [13] He was buried at the Clairvaux Abbey, but after its dissolution in 1792 by the French revolutionary government, his remains were transferred to Troyes Cathedral. [19] The full text has not survived, but a contemporary account says that "his voice rang out across the meadow like a celestial organ"[19]. [17] Pope Eugenius came in person to France to encourage the enterprise. On 31 March, with King Louis VII of France present, he preached to an enormous crowd in a field at Vézelay, making "the speech of his life". He is often cited for saying that Mary Magdalene was the Apostle to the Apostles. Gerard of Clairvaux, Bernard's older brother, became the cellarer of Citeaux. [12] Bernard then denounced Abelard to the pope and cardinals of the Curia. There he explains how the sins of the crusaders were the cause of their misfortune and failures. Saouma, Brigitte. As in the First Crusade, the preaching led to attacks on Jews; a fanatical French monk named Radulphe was apparently inspiring massacres of Jews in the Rhineland, Cologne, Mainz, Worms, and Speyer, with Radulphe claiming Jews were not contributing financially to the rescue of the Holy Land. The whole conflict ended when Anacletus died on 25 January 1138. The need for healthy theological discussion in the Church. 1303-1373), Eugene III Pope (d. 1153), Benedict Saint, Abbot of Monte Cassino, Malachy Saint, Marie Sainte Vierge, Victor Saint, Confessor From the beginning of the year 1153, Bernard felt his death approaching. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). He wanted to excel in literature in order to take up the study of the Bible. At his death, they numbered 343. Innocent II, having been banished from Rome by Anacletus, took refuge in France. [13], News came at this time from the Holy Land that alarmed Christendom. The last years of Bernard's life were saddened by the failure of the Second Crusade he had preached, the entire responsibility for which was thrown upon him. 978-90-429-3132-9. After persuading Gerard, Bernard traveled to visit William X, Duke of Aquitaine. Bernard of Clairvaux quotes Pope Honorius delegated Bernard to preach throughout France and Germany the renewal of the holy war. About the same time he wrote his work on Grace and Free Will. The enthusiasm of the assembly of Clermont in 1095, when Peter the Hermit and Urban II launched the first crusade, was matched by the holy fervor inspired by Bernard as he cried, "O ye who listen to me! He then went to Aquitaine where he succeeded for the time in detaching William X, Duke of Aquitaine, from the cause of Anacletus.[5]. It was here, also, that he produced a small but complete treatise on Mariology (study of doctrines and dogmas concerning the Virgin Mary), “Praises of the Virgin Mother.” Bernard was to become a major champion of a moderate cult of the Virgin, though he did not support the notion of Mary’s Immaculate Conception. He is labeled the "Mellifluous Doctor" for his eloquence. Bernard de Clairvaux (cunoscut și ca Sfântul Bernard, n. 1091, d. 21 august 1153, Clairvaux) a fost un călugăr și conte de Châtillon. [10], In 1132, Bernard accompanied Innocent II into Italy, and at Cluny the pope abolished the dues which Clairvaux used to pay to that abbey. St. Bernard's Parish Hall. Bernard later commented that Gerard was his most formidable opponent during the whole schism. The monastery, however, made rapid progress. http://www.continents-interieurs.info/Michel-Cazenave/Bernard-de-Clairvaux Cistercians honour him as the founder of the order because of the widespread activity which he gave to the order.[13]. Bernard did not reject human philosophy which is genuine philosophy, which leads to God; he differentiates between different kinds of knowledge, the highest being theological. [8] In 1118 Trois-Fontaines Abbey was founded in the diocese of Châlons; in 1119 Fontenay Abbey in the Diocese of Autun; and in 1121 Foigny Abbey near Vervins, in the diocese of Laon. Amour sacré, fin’amor: Bernard de Clairvaux et les troubadours.Philosophes médiévaux 60. For this, he was offered, and he refused, the archbishopric of Milan. Although the councils of Étampes, Würzburg, Clermont, and Rheims all supported Innocent, large portions of the Christian world still supported Anacletus. It was at this council that Bernard traced the outlines of the Rule of the Knights Templar who soon became the ideal of Christian nobility. Bernard de Clairvaux: Sermons Divers. … She, I say, is that shining and brilliant star, needed so much, set in place above life’s great and spacious sea, glittering with merits, all aglow with examples for our imitation. It is said that his mother, Aleth, exerted a virtuous influence upon Bernard only second to what St. Monica had done for St. Augustine of Hippo in the 5th century. He entered the Cîteaux community in 1112, and from then until 1115 he cultivated his spiritual and theological studies. Returning to Molesme, he left the government of the new abbey to Alberic of Cîteaux, who died in the year 1109. The next day, after Bernard made his opening statement, Abelard decided to retire without attempting to answer. saint bernard abbot of clairvaux. He turned away from his literary education, begun at the school at Châtillon-sur-Seine, and from ecclesiastical advancement, toward a life of renunciation and solitude. Bernard struggled and learned to live with the inevitable tension created by his desire to serve others in charity through obedience and his desire to cultivate his inner life by remaining in his monastic enclosure. [12] The council found in favour of Bernard and their judgment was confirmed by the pope. Bernard had observed that when lectio divina was neglected monasticism suffered. 12/26/2020 In accordance with provincial restrictions to slow the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, all in-person Masses in the Archdiocese of Toronto are temporarily cancelled. [5] During the absence of the Bishop of Langres, Bernard was blessed as abbot by William of Champeaux, Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne. Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny, answered Bernard and assured him of his great admiration and sincere friendship. Bernard was the third of seven children, six of whom were sons. This was the occasion of the longest and most emotional of Bernard's letters. Stones and trees will teach you that which you cannot learn from the masters. There is perhaps no better way to enjoy Cloisters of the Monastery of Saint Bernard de Clairvaux than by booking a nearby Cloisters of the Monastery of Saint Bernard de Clairvaux hotel! Conrad III and his son Henry died the same year. Encyclopedia Americana, 1970 v. 3, p. 606 (Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, 1090-1153) Incipit Speculu[m] b[ea]ti Bernhardi abbatis de honestate vite, ca. He did not pledge allegiance to Innocent until 1135.
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